International Journal of Emerging Multidisciplinaries: Social Science

Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Disaster Risk Management from a Socio-Legal Perspective

2026-07-23T20:21:15+00:00

To manage complex disaster risks, it is important to develop a response that spans multiple areas of expertise. Bridging the gap between law, social sciences, and natural sciences is an important part of any disaster risk reduction. It helps systems adapt quickly as AI technologies are constantly changing and have significantly impacted where law and the natural environment intersect, influencing legal systems and environmental policies, and how legal and environmental issues can prevent AI from having a greater impact on society and the economy. As part of a participatory assessment of production, with the assistance of legal experts, social and environmentalists, the key principles of responsible data analysis are proposed. These principles focus on security, transparency, fairness, accountability, and the ability to challenge or challenge decisions. This conversation describes how different disciplines can work together to create flexible legal systems that use AI, while drawing knowledge from the environmental and social sciences. The way environmentalists and decision-makers talk about useful and accurate information leads to differences that make the use of artificial intelligence difficult due to legal issues related to the reliability, reliability, and contentiousness of disaster management systems. If social media is useful for disaster risk reduction through AI, it's important to consider legal issues related to who is responsible and how sensitive the information used in disaster management is. Ideas for a fair and responsible process focus on the environment and encourage discussions on social and economic issues related to public participation. AI is also very important in education, as it brings together the next generation of law, social and natural sciences to jointly find solutions that bring together different disciplines in a balanced way. AI tools can be very useful in emergency management, but it's important to use them fairly and responsibly. You need to think about things like possible unfair benefits, clear explanations, and protecting people's personal data. Careful use of AI techniques, considering how AI, laws, and environmental risks interact with each other, helps create equitable and sustainable ways to collect and use data.

The Architecture of Decay: Pakistan’s 27th Amendment and the Fragility of Sustainable Democracy

2026-07-21T20:46:26+00:00

This paper examines how Pakistan’s 27^th Constitutional Amendment, passed in late 2025, as a critical case study in the eroding of the institutional pillars essential for sustainable democracy. While the amendment is framed by the government as a move toward judicial efficiency and national security, this analysis argues that its core provisions—specifically the re-engineering of the judiciary and the formalization of military dominance—destabilize the checks and balances essential for long-term democratic health. The amendment actually concentrates power in the hands of the executive and the military, seriously undermining judicial independence and civilian authority. The amendment changes the Constitution in two major ways. First, it reshapes the judiciary by creating a new Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) while taking away the Supreme Court’s authority to interpret the Constitution. This means the Supreme Court is no longer the final guardian of constitutional rights. In addition, the government can now transfer High Court judges without their consent, giving it a way to pressure or punish judges who do not comply, thereby threatening judicial independence which also threatened the rule of law. Second, the amendment strengthens military control by creating a new position, the Chief of Defence Forces (CDF), which is held by the Chief of Army Staff. It also grants lifetime immunity from criminal prosecution to senior military leaders and the President. Together, these measures shield powerful figures from accountability and shift authority away from civilian institutions. This shift of authority away from civilian institutions challenges the principle of accountability, which is the bedrock of any sustainable democratic system. Ultimately, the 27^th Amendment represents a fundamental shift in the state's power structure. By legitimizing military dominance and weakening judicial guardrails, it risks replacing a participatory democratic trajectory with a centralized, authoritarian model that lacks the institutional resilience required for democratic sustainability.

Machine-Speed Deterrence: Institutional Capacity as the Moderating Variable in AI-Driven Cyber Crises

2026-07-20T11:56:15+00:00

In this paper, Erosion of Deterrence in Rivalrous Dyads under Conditions of Cyber Evolution via Artificial Intelligence (AI) is advanced as moderated by absorptive institutional capacity of the receiving state, rather than by the offensive volume of cyber capability enabled by AI. Drawing on the literature on the techno-realist synthesis of technology and power (Sukma, 2024), and the cyber-deterrence literature which has been long preoccupied with the attribution issue problem (Lindsay, 2015; Nye, 2017), the paper captures three erosion processes: operational acceleration, attribution uncertainty, and signalling ambiguity, and models institutional capacity, defined in four dimensions and six observable indicators, as the variable that determines the absorption or amplification of these erosion processes. The India-Pakistan cyber competition is used as an illustrative case to illustrate the model, which is not tested. The paper's contribution is a framework that is portable and independent of the adversary, called machine-speed deterrence, to assess the stability of deterrence in an age of AI-compressed conflict, as well as policy recommendations that are geared toward institutional investment as opposed to capability investment.

Deconstruction of Indian Narrative on Kashmir Dispute

2026-07-19T13:48:12+00:00

The changing story of India regarding Kashmir dispute can be analyzed by utilizing the hypothetical system of Jacques Derrida's deconstruction, which questions the twofold structures and progressive resistances seen in writings and talks by Indian diaspora. We look to comprehend the advancement and changing forms of the Indian account at the local, state, and global levels by dissecting the official comments and affirmations of imperative Indian authorities, such as the prime serve, outside serve, and resistance serve. By recommending that all writings contain irregularities and dangers that can be uncovered by means of cautious ponder, Derrida's deconstruction highlights the precariousness of meaning and the smoothness of dialect. Utilizing this hypothesis, we point to investigate the subtleties of the Indian talks on Kashmir and how it has changed over time in reaction to moving social, political, and geopolitical conditions.

Can Environmental Policy Stringency Enhance Load Capacity Factor? Evidence from Common Correlated Effects Mean Group Estimation

2026-07-20T03:24:27+00:00

Environmental policy has become an essential instrument for promoting ecological sustainability; however, empirical evidence on its effectiveness remains inconclusive, particularly for OECD countries. This study investigates the impact of Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS), economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and industrialization on the Load Capacity Factor (LCF), an overall measure of ecological sustainability, in nine OECD countries between 1990 and 2020. The empirical analysis is based on a second-generation panel econometric approach. The Pesaran Cross-Sectional Augmented IPS (CIPS) unit root test and the Westerlund cointegration test are used to confirm the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables when slope heteroscedasticity and cross-sectional dependence are detected. The primary estimation technique is the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) estimator, and the Mean Group (MG) estimator is used as a robustness check. Furthermore, the results indicated that the greater the stringency of environmental policies, the better the ecological sustainability, as evidenced by improvements in the Load Capacity Factor, thereby supporting the Porter Hypothesis. There is also a positive influence of FDI; this means that technology transfer and environmentally friendly production methods outweigh pollution-intensive investment. Economic growth and industrialization, on the other hand, have a negative impact on the LCF, indicating that production and consumption patterns remain resource-intensive despite environmental regulations. These results are robust and stable, as confirmed by the robustness analysis. The study makes a significant contribution to the environmental sustainability literature by applying an integrated sustainability indicator (Load Capacity Factor), and by providing recent empirical evidence from OECD countries, based on a second-generation panel estimation technique. The results guide developing and implementing policies that promote both economic development and long-term ecological sustainability.

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for Psychological Distress in Women with Primary Infertility

2026-07-19T14:04:32+00:00

Infertility is a significant reproductive health issue that adversely affect the psychological well-being of women, often leading to anxiety, depression, stress, hopelessness and reduced quality of life. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) in reducing psychological distress among women experiencing infertility. A pretest-posttest one group quasi experimental design was employed in which infertile women experiencing mild to moderate psychological distress participated in a structured CBT- based intervention. Standardized psychological assessment measures Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS: Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), along with Emotional and Social Distress Scale (Naz etal., 2022) were used to measure pre-post responses. Findings indicated that there is a significant reduction in depression, anxiety, stress and all levels of emotional and social distress except ESDS Sexual and Marital issues in terms of pre-post evaluation of scores. The study highlights the importance of integrating psychological interventions into infertility treatment and reproductive health services to enhance mental health outcomes and overall well-being among infertile women.

From Policy to Practice: Head Teachers leadership Role in Sustaining TQE (TQE) in Secondary Schools in District Sialkot

2026-07-17T13:15:40+00:00

The present study explores the role of leadership in the implementation of Total Quality Education in the Secondary Schools of District Sialkot. Educational institutions in Pakistan have been under increasing pressure to improve academic standards, teaching quality, organizational effectiveness and stakeholder satisfaction. Total Quality Education is based on the principles of Total Quality Management that emphasize continuous improvement, collaborative culture, accountability and student-centered learning. One of the major factors of successful implementation of Total Quality Education is effective leadership. The paper explores the effect of school leadership on teacher performance, school culture, professional development, communication and innovation in education. The qualitative study design, with a phenomenological approach, is used to gain in-depth insight into school heads' lived experiences.6 participants were selected by purposive sampling from the secondary schools of District Sialkot. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews, which allowed the participants to share their professional experiences in detail. Thematic analysis was conducted to conclude. The findings indicate that transformational and participative leadership styles are conducive to school improvement, teacher motivation, and effective quality practices. However, the model could face difficulties like shortage of funds, resistance to change, shortage of development, and lack of monitoring systems in public secondary schools. This report suggests that in order to improve the quality of education in District Sialkot, there is a need for improved leadership development and decision-making in groups.

Parental Warmth-Neglect, Perceived Phubbing and Emotional Behavioral Problems of Gen Z

2026-07-14T15:50:26+00:00

Background: Adolescent years are crucial for development where parents have an important influence on the behavior of children. Although there is extensive evidence of neglect and affection as factors that affect emotional and behavioral development of children, the process is becoming more complex in terms of modern technology distraction. The phenomenon of “phubbing” by parents, which refers to the use of smartphones when talking with children, influences communication and family cohesion.

Objectives: In this correlational research, the relationship between parental neglect, parental phubbing, teenage phubbing behaviors (communication disturbance and phone addiction) and emotional-behavioral problems were studied.

Method: A sample of 515 adolescents (M_age= 16.5 years, aged 14–19) completed standardized self-report measures. Data was analyzed using serial mediation modeling via the SPSS PROCESS macro.

Results: Parental neglect perception and phubbing were significantly and positively associated with youth self-phubbing and emotional-behavioral problems. Serial mediation analyses found that parental neglect is a significant predictor of parental phubbing, which subsequently leads to youth communication problems and phubbing, culminating in emotional-behavioral problems.

Conclusion: The results clearly indicate how parental phubbing is a powerful form of relational neglect in the modern-day world, which can result in maladjustment among adolescents.

Ecological Framing in Documentary Discourse: A Study of A Life on Our Planet

2026-07-17T12:44:45+00:00

Climate crisis is a debatable issue among scholars of various disciplines. The framing of discourses in this regard plays a considerable role in presenting climate change in either a beneficial or a destructive way. The following paper investigates media representations of climate change in the context of documentary. The paper takes the theoretical framework of framing which integrates insights from ecolinguistics to analyse the ways climate change is framed linguistically. For the said purpose, the climate change documentary “A Life on our planet” by David Attenborough released in 2020 is chosen to analyze the framing techniques used to conceptualise the process of representation of the abstract phenomenon of climate change in media discourse through trigger words used as frames. The content analysis technique is used to identify trigger words that are later used to recognize frames. The findings reveal that climate change is most importantly presented in three significant frames: as an environmental catastrophe , as a decline , as a treasure.

The Failure of the Extraordinary Man: Cognitive Dissonance and Moral Fragmentation of Raskolnikov in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment

2026-07-16T18:09:15+00:00

There has been much critical writing about guilt, morality and psychological agony in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. The psychological conflicts involved in Raskolnikov’s divided consciousness have been a subject of numerous psychoanalytical interpretations, but the connection between his self-fashioning of ideology and psychological conflict is open to further analysis. In this paper, utilization of both Leon Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Freudian psychoanalysis is integrated with an eye towards understanding the fragmentation of Raskolnikov’s mind. The study highlights the conflict between a rationalization of intellect and moral awareness as explored through the main character’s philosophy of the “Extraordinary Man” on his dreams, hallucinations and encounters with Sonia Marmeladova. The psychological anguish experienced by Raskolnikov is explained by the psychoanalytical framework of psychological tension between his theoretical beliefs and moral drive using the theory of cognitive dissonance, repression, unconscious, and superego. The study aims to show, by a careful literary examination that in Dostoevsky guilt is not only a moral or religious concept but something much more complex, a psychological condition that causes a process of self-denial and undermines both identity and certainty of ideology.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management: A Comprehensive Analysis of Core Concepts and Differential Factors.

2026-07-11T14:44:09+00:00

The study examines the conceptual structures of supply chain management and logistics to clarify what elements are involved and outlining the connections and properties. In this study, a systematic qualitative literature survey is conducted to cover the key elements that define each stream and study the way that they are connected and differ from each other. Although already many scholars have made both contributions and eco-linguistic studies throughout the past thirty or so years, the boundaries and nature of these two closely related fields has yet to be defined in this study. The results can help in academic discussion and in practice in business activity, and a deeper understanding in logistic and value-chain management. In a profession, where terms are often synonymous, but refer to different operations and directions, this analysis focusses on the need for a clearer conceptual distinction. The report suggests that supply chain management is basically more comprehensive and strategic with regards to multiple aspects of the organization and inter-regulated relationships, whereas logistics involves more tactical level planning and execution of material and information flow.

Analyzing Dual Impact of Macroeconomic Factors & Climate Related Variables on Financial Performance of Banking Sector of Pakistan

2026-07-18T19:55:34+00:00

This study examines the joint impact of macroeconomic factors and climate related risks on the financial performance of Pakistan’s banking sector. Quarterly unbalanced panel data for 32 banks covering 2015–2024 are used, with Return on Assets (ROA) serving as the profitability measure. Consumer Price Index, real interest rate, Gross Domestic Product, temperature change, and flood occurrences are included as explanatory variables. While, bank size is incorporated as a control. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares estimators are applied to capture long run relationships. The results indicate that temperature change has a negative and statistically significant effect on bank profitability. GDP shows a positive and significant impact. Furthermore, flood occurrences also exhibit a positive and significant association with ROA. CPI demonstrates a mildly negative effect and the real interest rate remains insignificant. In brief, the findings emphasize the importance of integrating climate risk into financial regulation and indicate that larger banks are more resilient to macroeconomic and environmental shocks.

Evaluation of Climate Change Factors & Their Impact on Credit Risk Management in the Banking Sector of Pakistan

2026-07-18T21:33:27+00:00

This paper evaluates climate change factors and their impact on credit risk management in the banking sector of Pakistan. The dataset consists of variables leading to a destabilized climate and banking indicators of 32 commercial banks operating in Pakistan between 2015 and 2024. The panel data of four cross-sectional bank categories; five public sector commercial banks, 20 local private banks, four foreign banks, and three specialized banks were collected from the State Bank of Pakistan, while climatic indicator figures were extracted from the Climate Change Knowledge Portal of the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations data. This study is based on two empirical models. In Model-1, the dependent variable is non-performing loans, and the climate change indicators temperature anomalies, precipitation patterns, sea level rise, flood frequency, and emissions are independent variables used to quantify climate-driven credit risk. Secondly, Model-2 measures banking profitability in terms of return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as dependent variables, in relation to loan loss provisioning, liquidity ratios, and weighted average capital adequacy ratios as the independent variables. The panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach was applied to both models in EViews 13. This method affirms cointegration in selected types of banks, with cross-sectional heterogeneity revealing that local private banks (N=20) and specialized banks (N=3) are significantly more exposed to long-run climate-induced credit risk compared to foreign and public sector commercial banks. These findings uncover variations among cross-sections, revealing structural fragilities in the banking sector, thereby emphasizing the critical need for climate-sensitive credit frameworks. The study highlights the importance of integrating advanced environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk strategies and climate stress testing into Pakistan’s banking risk management framework to enhance resilience against climate-related financial vulnerabilities. This research directly aligns with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, specifically Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13: Climate Action).

International Law: From Historical Foundation to Contemporary Challenges

2026-07-13T07:43:48+00:00

International Law is a set of principles that regulate relations among sovereign states and other international actors to maintain peace and cooperation. The term was introduced by Jeremy Bentham. This study examines the meaning, nature, scope, historical background, sources, and implementation of international law. Its origins trace back to Greek and Roman practices, with major developments from Grotius’ De Jure Belli ac Pacis and the Treaty of Westphalia. The primary sources, as stated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute, are customary law, treaties, judicial decisions, and scholarly writings. Institutions like the UN General Assembly and Security Council play key roles, though enforcement remains limited. Despite major instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention, challenges like forced labor and torture persist. The paper concludes that international law is essential for global peace, but its effectiveness depends on stronger state compliance and enforcement.

Pakistan-China Ties @ 75: A Geostrategic and Geoeconomic Review

2026-07-15T10:56:28+00:00

Standing tall at 75, Pakistan-China relations have evolved from a formal diplomatic relationship in 1951 into one of the world’s most enduring strategic partnerships in 2026. This paper provides a narrative review of the evolution of the bilateral relations from 1951 to 2026 focusing on two key aspects: geostrategic and geoeconomic. A qualitative narrative review methodology was used drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, books, policy reports, and other reliable academic sources. The study applies multiple theoretical perspectives, including realism, geo-economics, securitization theory, developmental state theory, and linkage theory to explain the developing nature of Pakistan-China ties. The paper observes that while defense and security cooperation laid the foundation of the partnership, the launch of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) transformed the relationship into a multidimensional strategic and economic partnership. The paper also identifies important challenges, including security concerns, economic disparities, debt sustainability, environmental considerations, and increasing geopolitical competition in Asia. Furthermore, the paper highlights significant research gaps. The paper concludes that the future of Sino-Pakistan ties is likely to depend on effective governance mechanism, inclusive development, stronger institutional capacity, and continued strategic cooperation to achieve sustainable regional connectivity, economic growth, and long-term mutual benefits.

Energy Transition and Carbon Emissions in G7 Economics: New Insights from MMQR Estimation.

2026-07-12T16:56:06+00:00

This study investigates the effects of energy intensity, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, technological innovation, and urbanization on carbon emissions in G7 countries from 2000 to 2024. The Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) is employed to capture heterogeneous effects across different emission quantiles, with robustness checks using FGLS and PCSE to confirm the model’s reliability and stability. The findings indicate that energy intensity and economic growth increase carbon emissions across all quantiles, whereas REC significantly reduces environmental pressure. Technological innovation exhibits a rebound effect at higher emission levels, while urbanization contributes to emissions reduction in advanced quantiles, highlighting the nuanced role of sustainable urban planning. Further, findings emphasize the critical importance of integrating energy efficiency, renewable energy adoption, and targeted technological strategies to achieve carbon neutrality in G7 economies. The findings suggest that G7 countries should support renewable energy adoption, enhance energy efficiency, increase green technological innovation, and implement sustainable urban planning to get long-term carbon neutrality.